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APS 105 — Computer Fundamentals
Lab 2: Decision Making and Repetition
The goal of this laboratory is to practice the material on decision making and loops. You will be writing
two separate and fun C programs. The first part is to determine what coins (cents, nickels, dimes and
quarters) can be used to make up a given amount of money. The other program requires the “drawing” of
a triangle of various sizes depending on user’s input.
Preparation
This lab has two parts. Read through this entire document carefully and do the work to create the
programs that are described in Part 1 and 2 below. You can do this on your own home computer if you
have succeeded in downloading and getting Codelite / VSC or any other IDE to work, as described in
Lab 0. You can also do this work using the ECF lab image prior to your lab period. Eventually, you
need to ensure that the code also runs properly on Examify.
Notes:
• In the sample output examples that follow:
o The text that would be entered by the program user is displayed using a bold font.
o The text <enter> stands for the user pressing the enter key on the keyboard. On some
keyboards, the enter key may be labeled return.
• When you execute your programs, the user’s text will not be displayed in bold and <enter> is not
going to show.
• Throughout this lab, there is a single space after the colon (:) in each output line.
Part 1— Making Change
In a file called Lab2Part1.c, write a complete C program that makes change for amounts less than one
dollar. That is, you will determine the number of coins that can make up a specific number of cents. Valid
input to the program should be a positive integer value less than 100, which represents an amount of money,
in cents. The program should prompt the user for a positive integer value, and in response to user input,
should print the original amount of cash, together with a set of coins (quarters, dimes, nickels, cents) that
make up that amount. The program should produce change containing the minimum number of coins
required for the given amount. The output should be in a natural form, in that whenever there is one coin,
the coin type should be singular, otherwise, the coin type should be in its plural form. If the number of coins
for a particular coin type is 0, the type should not be shown. For example, if user input is 58 cents, the
output must look like this:
58 cents: 2 quarters, 1 nickel, 3 cents.
The following shows an example of an incorrect output:
58 cents: 2 quarters, 0 dimes, 1 nickels, 3 cents.
The program should repeatedly prompt the user for additional user input, until an invalid input is entered,
after which the program should stop. An invalid input would be a negative number, one that is greater than
99, or less than 1. It can be assumed that the user always enters integer values when prompted.
An example run of the program is shown below. The values 10, 16, 20, . . . are entered by the user in the
example run. Given the same user input, your output should match the following output exactly, including
APS105 Page 2 of 4
all punctuation, and all wording (including the plural form if needed). Any variation from this will result in
a loss of marks.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 10<enter>
10 cents: 1 dime.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 16<enter>
16 cents: 1 dime, 1 nickel, 1 cent.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 20<enter>
20 cents: 2 dimes.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 28<enter>
28 cents: 1 quarter, 3 cents.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 30<enter>
30 cents: 1 quarter, 1 nickel.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 36<enter>
36 cents: 1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 cent.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 67<enter>
67 cents: 2 quarters, 1 dime, 1 nickel, 2 cents.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 75<enter>
75 cents: 3 quarters.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 99<enter>
99 cents: 3 quarters, 2 dimes, 4 cents.
Please give an amount in cents less than 100: 0<enter>
Goodbye.
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Part 2 – Arithmetic Operations
Write a program that will perform the four basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division) on pairs of fractions, producing answers in standard fractional form. Specifically, your program
should repeatedly perform the following actions.
• Read a character representing an operation. This will be one of the characters +, -, *, /, or E. The E
signals the end of the data; reading it should cause the program to terminate.
• Read four integers representing the numerator and denominator of a first fraction followed by the
numerator and denominator of a second fraction.
• Perform the indicated operation and print the results in the appropriate form as illustrated in the
examples that follow.
• Once the results are printed, the program should loop back and start over, note that to terminate and
exit the program ‘E’ should be entered as illustrated.
• It is your responsibility to avoid divide by zero. All divide by zero cases should be detected and
prevented. In such cases, the program should alert the user with the message:
o Give values: 1 0 3 4
o output: 1/0 * 3/4 Invalid expression!
OR
o Give values: 3 5 0 7
o output: 3/5 / 0/7 Invalid expression
• It is also your responsibility to detect illegal operations. Only one of the four (+, -, *, /)
operations or E to stop, id permitted at the start, else a message should warn the user and then
the program should allow the user to try again.
o Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop:9
o output: Invalid operation! Try again.
o Give an operation (+,-,*,/) $ to stop:
• Notice that integer results should be written as such, as in (c), and negative results should have only
a negative sign on their numerator, as in (d).
• It is not necessary to reduce fractions to lowest terms, as in (a).
In the examples, the input is shown on one line.
(a)
Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop: +<enter>
Give values: 1 3 -19 -8<enter>
output: 1/3 + -19/-8 = 65/24
(b)
Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop: /<enter>
Give values: 2 -5 3 -7<enter>
output: 2/-5 / 3/-7 = 14/15
(c)
Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop: -<enter>
Give values: 5 2 1 2<enter>
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output: 5/2 – 1/2 = 2
(d)
Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop:*<enter>
Give values: 21 4 7 -3<enter>
output: 21/4 * 7/-3 = -147/12
(e)
Give an operation (+,-,*,/) $ to stop:+ <enter>
Give values: 1 0 3 4<enter>
output: 1/0 + 3/4 Invalid expression!
OR
Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop:/<enter>
Give values: 3 5 0 7<enter>
output: 3/5 / 0/7 Invalid expression!
(f)
Give an operation (+, -, *, /) E to stop: E<enter>
Program ends here.
Hints:
• Consider designing your program flow before starting coding. Use flowchart of pseudocode.
• Consider validating the four operations using Boolean logic.
• Consider combining if…else and switch for decision making.
Good Luck!

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